德国经历了从移民来源国向移民目的地的根本性转变。1早在18世纪，德国人已开始大规模向美洲迁移，1820年前约15万德国人移民美国，19世纪这一数字增至约600万人。120世纪中叶，欧洲大陆的角色发生逆转，从移民源地演变为移民地。1
自1950至1960年代起，德国开始大规模引进外国劳动力。11956年起，德国通过客工火车项目引进来自意大利、希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、南斯拉夫和土耳其的劳工。1到1973年禁止新招聘外国劳动力时，约1400万人以客工身份来到西德，其中约300万人最终永久定居。1
截至2025年，超过30%的德国总人口具有移民背景。1然而，难民仅占德国移民总数的10%。1社会融合的进展相对缓慢。1
Germany has undergone a dramatic demographic transformation over the past two centuries, shifting from a major source of emigration to an increasingly important immigration destination. Before 1820, approximately 150,000 German citizens had emigrated to America, with this trend accelerating significantly during the 19th century, when roughly 6 million Germans departed for the New World.1 This massive outflow reflected economic pressures and limited opportunities that prompted Germans to seek their fortunes abroad.
The reversal of this pattern became evident after World War II, when Europe shifted from being a continent of emigration to one of immigration. Beginning in 1956, West Germany initiated a guest worker program that brought Italians, Greeks, Spanish, Portuguese, Yugoslavs, and Turks to the country via dedicated labor trains.1 By the time recruitment of foreign workers was halted in 1973, approximately 14 million individuals had arrived through this scheme, with about 3 million eventually settling permanently in West Germany.1
Despite this substantial influx, Germany long resisted acknowledging itself as an immigration nation. As of 2025, more than 30 percent of Germany's total population has an immigration background, yet refugees account for only 10 percent of the country's total migrant population.1 This composition reflects the broader diversity of migration patterns, while social integration has progressed slowly amid ongoing challenges.
评论
还没有评论，欢迎留下第一条。