新研究发现，当父母和教师告诉孩子他们"很聪明"时，可能会无意中增加孩子作弊的倾向。1这项在中国进行的研究涉及210名来自城市中产阶级背景的5-6岁儿童，发现被告知自己聪明的孩子在面临诱惑时作弊的可能性达64.3%，几乎是被告知努力、幸运或任务简单的孩子的两倍。1相比之下，被告知"很努力"的孩子作弊率为35.7%，被告知"很幸运"的孩子为38.1%，而被告知"任务简单"的孩子作弊率最低，仅为21.4%。1
研究人员基于这些发现提出建议，父母和教师应改为强调努力和诚实品质，而非聪慧能力。1这项研究已发表在《教育心理学杂志》上。1
New research conducted in China reveals an unintended consequence of a common parenting and teaching practice: telling young children they are "smart" may actually increase their likelihood of cheating.1 The study, which involved 210 children aged 5 to 6 years from urban middle-class backgrounds, found that children praised for being intelligent were nearly twice as likely to cheat when faced with temptation compared to those receiving other forms of feedback.1
The findings presented a stark contrast across different types of praise. Children told they were "smart" cheated at a rate of 64.3%, while those told they were "hardworking" cheated at 35.7%, and those told they were "lucky" cheated at 38.1%.1 Children informed that a task was "simple" showed the lowest cheating rate at 21.4%, and children who received no explanation cheated at 35.7%.1 The research, published in the Journal of Educational Psychology, suggests that ability-focused praise may inadvertently create pressure to maintain a perception of competence, potentially leading children to resort to dishonest shortcuts.1
Researchers recommend that parents and teachers shift their approach by emphasizing effort and honesty instead of innate intelligence.1 Rather than telling children "you are smart," the alternative framing "you are hardworking" appears to foster greater integrity while still providing positive reinforcement.1
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