大马士革法院在2026年8月中旬对叙利亚前独裁者巴沙尔·阿萨德做出缺席死刑判决1。阿萨德被控犯有预谋杀人、刑讯逼供和非法剥夺自由权1。然而，这一判决面临现实困难：阿萨德目前居住在俄罗斯，尽管俄叙两国于2023年签订引渡条约，但俄罗斯不太可能引渡其长期盟友1。
阿萨德政权在叙利亚内战中造成了大规模人道主义灾难。据叙利亚人权网络统计，内战中有234,805名平民丧生，其中至少202,000人被阿萨德政权及其盟国杀害1。此外，记录在案的任意逮捕和强制失踪案件至少181,312起，刑讯致死45,339人1。阿萨德政权还发动了217次化学武器攻击1。2024年底，阿萨德政权被推翻1。
为推进过渡性司法，叙利亚于2025年5月建立了全国过渡性司法委员会，8月下旬建立全国失踪人员委员会并启动信息平台Athar1。然而，许多内战幸存者认为缺席判决还不够充分。女权活动人士胡达·卡伊提曾在2013年东古塔化学武器攻击中幸存，其哥哥被阿萨德政权轰炸杀害1。她的经历反映了许多受害者对司法程序更加全面和有效问责的期待1。
Syria's former president Bashar Assad has been sentenced to death in absentia by a Damascus court for war crimes and crimes against humanity 1. The convicted charges include premeditated murder, torture, and unlawful deprivation of liberty 1. Assad currently resides in Russia, which signed an extradition treaty with Syria in 2023, though the country is unlikely to extradite its longtime ally 1.
The fall of Assad's regime in late 2024 prompted the establishment of Syria's first transitional justice mechanisms, including a National Transitional Justice Committee formed in May 2025 and a National Commission on Missing Persons established in late August 2025, which launched the information platform Athar 1. However, the death sentence has done little to satisfy survivors of the Syrian civil war, who view it as an incomplete measure of accountability. According to the Syrian Human Rights Network, the conflict claimed at least 234,805 civilian lives, with at least 202,000 killed by Assad's regime and its allies 1. The documented toll includes 181,312 cases of arbitrary arrest and forced disappearance and 45,339 deaths from torture 1. Additionally, Assad's government conducted 217 chemical weapons attacks during the war 1.
Survivors and human rights advocates point to broader shortcomings in the transitional justice process. Women's rights activist Huda Khaiti, who survived the 2013 chemical weapons attack in Eastern Ghouta and lost her brother to regime airstrikes, exemplifies the unfinished reckoning 1. Critics argue that while Assad may be convicted in absentia, comprehensive investigations into all parties' conduct during the conflict remain incomplete, and protections and participation mechanisms for victims need substantial strengthening 1.
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