美国著名女性主义领袖格洛丽亚·斯坦姆于周三去世，享年92岁12。这位在新闻、激进主义和倡导领域耕耘了六十年的先驱，见证了美国女性地位的显著改善，同时也目睹了对其女性主义愿景的强大反对1。
斯坦姆的职业生涯标志着美国女性权利的多个重要里程碑。1963年，她因发表《我曾是花花公子兔女郎》一文引起全国关注2。1971年，她与其他记者创办了具有深远影响力的《女士》杂志，该杂志于1972年成为独立出版物2。她还倡导交叉性女权主义，曾在1969年发表《黑人权力之后，女性解放》文章2。
在女性劳动力参与方面取得了实质性进展。1960年代末，少于50%的女性在劳动力队伍中；如今，约58%的20岁及以上女性参与工作，25至54岁女性的比例更是高达77%1。1974年的《平等信贷机会法》使基于性别否认妇女信用卡和贷款的做法成为违法1。国会中的女性数量从11人增加到152人1。
然而，斯坦姆也目睹了对女性权益的回潮。2022年，最高法院推翻了1973年的罗诉韦德案，消除了宪法性堕胎权，导致13个州随后制定了全面或近乎全面的禁令1。保守派还通过政策和言论鼓励女性拥抱传统性别角色，例如美国遗产基金会提议为30岁前结婚的男性和女性创建投资账户，初始存款为2500美元1。
尽管面临这些挫折，历史学家认为美国女性主义运动已深入现代生活，其势头可能是不可阻挡的1。2013年，斯坦姆获得奥巴马总统颁发的总统自由勋章2，2017年罗格斯大学建立了以她名字命名的媒体、文化与女性研究讲座2，这些荣誉见证了她在推动性别平等方面的持久影响。
Gloria Steinem, a towering figure in the American women's movement, passed away at age 92 12. Born on March 25, 1934, in Toledo, Ohio 2, Steinem spent six decades as a journalist and activist, fundamentally reshaping the landscape for women's rights and gender equality in the United States and beyond 2.
Steinem gained national prominence in 1963 following her article "I Was a Playboy Bunny" 2. In 1971, she co-founded Ms. magazine with other journalists, which became an independent publication the following year and evolved into an influential platform for feminist thought 2. Beyond her publishing ventures, she established multiple organizations dedicated to advancing women's rights and used articles, speeches, and public demonstrations to advocate tirelessly for women and girls 2. Her contributions were recognized when President Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2013 2. In 2017, Rutgers University established a lecture series in her name focused on media, culture, and women's studies 2.
Yet Steinem lived to witness a powerful backlash against her vision of feminism. In 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, eliminating the constitutional right to abortion established in 1973, after which thirteen states enacted sweeping or near-total bans 1. Conservative figures and organizations have promoted policies and rhetoric encouraging women to embrace traditional gender roles; the Heritage Foundation, for instance, proposed congressional investment accounts with $2,500 initial deposits for men and women who marry before age 30 1. Writer Emma Waters observed that "for a 28-year-old woman today, the most countercultural thing she can do is take her husband's name and be open to the gift of motherhood" 1.
Despite these setbacks, substantial progress remains evident in American women's participation and rights. The percentage of women in the workforce has grown from less than 50 percent in the late 1960s to approximately 58 percent of women aged 20 and older today, with women aged 25 to 54 reaching 77 percent participation 1. The 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act made it illegal to deny women credit cards and loans based on gender 1, and the number of women in Congress has risen from 11 to 152 1. Historians contend that the American feminist movement has become so deeply embedded in modern life that its momentum may prove unstoppable 1.
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