德国在过去三个多世纪中经历了身份的根本转变，从大规模移民输出国演变为当代移民接收国。1 18世纪至19世纪间，德国人大规模向海外迁移，其中仅在1820年之前就有约15万德国人移居美国，当时跨洋船票的费用相当于一名工匠的年收入。1 19世纪更是见证了约600万德国人迁移到新大陆。1 同一时期，1763年俄国女皇叶卡捷琳娜二世发布宣言邀请德国人移居俄国，承诺免费运输、提供土地和军役豁免。1 从19世纪初至第一次世界大战期间，约6000万欧洲人离开了家园。1
战后德国的角色发生了深刻改变。从1956年起，德国开始招募外籍"客工"以支撑战后经济复兴，至1973年停止新的招募时，约1400万人来到西德工作，其中约300万人最终永久留下。1 如今，德国30%以上的总人口拥有移民背景。1 然而，许多移民仍然无法规范身份并获得稳定的居留许可，尽管所有相关方都知道他们将留在德国。1 难民庇护仅占德国移民总数的不足10%。1 学者们认为，德国需要就未来社会结构进行深层次讨论，以推进真正的融合，克服长期以来对移民融合的偏见。1
Germany has undergone a profound historical transformation, shifting from a major source of emigration to a significant destination for migrants. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin famously disparaged German immigrants to America, claiming they resisted integration 1. Before 1820, approximately 150,000 Germans had relocated to the United States, with ocean passage fees equal to a skilled craftsman's annual income 1. Between the early 19th century and World War I, roughly 60 million Europeans left their homelands 1. By the 19th century, some 6 million Germans migrated to the New World 1. Catherine II of Russia actively encouraged German settlement as well, issuing a proclamation on July 22, 1763, that offered free transportation, land, and military exemptions to German immigrants 1.
The postwar period marked a decisive reversal in Germany's migration patterns. Beginning in 1956, West Germany systematically recruited foreign "guest workers" to fuel its economic recovery 1. By the time recruitment ended in 1973, approximately 14 million workers had arrived in West Germany, with roughly 3 million choosing to remain permanently 1. Today, more than 30 percent of Germany's population possesses a migration background 1. However, scholars emphasize that genuine integration remains incomplete. Professor Altemeyer notes that many migrants lack regularized status and stable residency permits despite the understanding among all stakeholders that they will remain in Germany 1. Refugee asylum accounts for less than 10 percent of Germany's total migrant population 1, underscoring that immigration encompasses far broader patterns than humanitarian protection alone.
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