美国与委内瑞拉：一个世纪的石油纠葛

美国与委内瑞拉的关系已被石油利益交织超过百年。1 早在1950年，美国国务院备忘录就明确记载美国对委内瑞拉的所有政策均受石油供应目标所驱动。1 这种以能源为核心的互动模式在近年来更显突出——特朗普政府今年8月宣布美国已获得对委内瑞拉约五分之一石油储备的控制权，白宫将其称为"世界历史上最大的石油交易"，声称该协议为美国政府提供"强大治理权"。1

美委关系在过去数十年间经历了显著变化。1999年乌戈·查韦斯执政后，双边关系开始恶化，2007年查韦斯政府更收回了美国埃克森美孚和康菲石油公司的油田。1 马杜罗在2013年继任总统后延续对抗立场。1 美国政府对马杜罗政权采取了一系列措施，包括去年宣布悬赏5000万美元通缉马杜罗，1 以及今年1月对加拉加斯实施黎明前突袭以抓捕马杜罗及其妻子希莉亚·弗洛雷斯。1 根据联合国2019年的估计，委内瑞拉在法外处决中已有超过20000人丧生。1 在美国实施禁运之前，委内瑞拉约80%的原油被出口到中国。1

The United States and Venezuela have maintained a complex, oil-driven relationship spanning over a century, marked by shifting alliances and deepening tensions in recent decades.1 Relations deteriorated significantly after Hugo Chávez came to power in 1999, a trajectory that continued under Nicolás Maduro's leadership beginning in 2013.1 A 1950 State Department memorandum laid bare the foundation of American engagement, explicitly stating that all US policy toward Venezuela was influenced by oil supply objectives.1

The relationship reached a dramatic inflection point this year when the Trump administration announced in August that the United States had secured control over approximately one-fifth of Venezuela's oil reserves.1 The White House characterized the agreement as "the world's largest oil deal in history," claiming it granted the American government "powerful governance rights."1 This announcement followed a January raid on Caracas in which US special forces reportedly attempted to capture Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores.1 The US had previously placed a $50 million bounty on Maduro in July of last year.1

Maduro's predecessor Chávez had nationalized oil fields held by American companies ExxonMobil and ConocoPhillips in 2007, signaling the ideological rupture underlying the resource competition.1 Before US sanctions were imposed, approximately 80 percent of Venezuela's crude exports had been directed to China, reflecting the country's strategic pivot away from American markets.1 The humanitarian toll of the political crisis has been severe, with the United Nations estimating in 2019 that over 20,000 people had died in extrajudicial killings in Venezuela.1