哥伦比亚的古柯种植面积已突破历史新高，超过25万公顷 [1]。尽管政府推行"全面替代非法作物国家计划"（PNIS）帮助农民转向合法作物，但该计划因多重障碍而未能有效落实。
根据计划规定，每户农民承诺获得3600万哥伦比亚比索（约1.1万美元）的援助，分两年发放 [1]。然而，实际支付经常出现延迟 [1]。Meta省农民Perea的经历反映了这一困境——由于缺乏道路和洪水灾害导致合法作物难以销售，他在2024年被迫重新种植古柯 [1]。
资金延迟、技术支持缺失和基础设施落后是计划未能有效实施的主要原因 [1]。这些问题迫使许多农民在生活压力下重新回归古柯种植，尽管该计划原意是在2016年和平协议后为农民建立合法生计 [1]。
从经济角度看，古柯种植对地方经济的吸引力巨大。研究员Lucas Marín Llanes指出，在某些地区（2014-2019年间），古柯种植可使地方GDP增加高达10% [1]。
为应对这一挑战，政府推出新试点计划RenHacemos，目标是通过改善道路、教育和住房来替代整个古柯经济体系 [1]。
Colombia's coca-growing area has reached a record high of more than 250,000 hectares [1], as a government program designed to help farmers transition away from illegal crops has faltered due to funding delays and insufficient support.
The National Comprehensive Program for the Substitution of Illicit Crops (PNIS), launched following the 2016 peace agreement, committed to providing farmers with 36 million Colombian pesos—approximately $11,000—per household over two years to establish legal livelihoods [1]. However, actual payments have frequently been delayed, undermining the initiative's effectiveness [1].
Farmer Perea from Meta province exemplifies the program's shortcomings [1]. Despite attempting to cultivate legal crops, he faced persistent obstacles including lack of road infrastructure and flooding that prevented him from selling his produce, eventually forcing him to return to coca cultivation in 2024 [1].
The economic incentive to grow coca remains powerful in certain regions. Research by Lucas Marín Llanes shows that coca cultivation can increase local GDP by as much as 10 percent in some areas during the 2014-2019 period [1].
In response to these persistent challenges, the government has launched a new pilot program called RenHacemos, which aims to dismantle the coca economy more comprehensively by improving roads, education, and housing infrastructure [1].