农民利用太阳能面板发展农业光伏技术

农业光伏是一种在太阳能基础设施下同时进行农业生产的新兴策略。1这种做法通过在太阳能电池板下种植作物或放牧牲畜，既为农作物和牲畜提供遮荫和保护、提高产量，又能通过冷却效应增强太阳能电池板效率。1美国约十分之一的太阳能农场已采纳了这一做法。1

然而，农业光伏技术的全球普及率仍然偏低。1截至2025年中期，全球农业光伏仅产生18.4吉瓦电能，占世界太阳能总容量不足1%。1地理条件、经济成本和农民对该技术的认知不足是主要制约因素。1与此同时，美国80%以上的民众更支持允许能源与农业共同生产的太阳能开发项目。1

农业光伏的实际效果因地区而异。在美国潮湿的中西部，太阳能面板的遮阴导致玉米和大豆产量下降，而在干旱西部产量保持不变或有所增加。1在牲畜选择上，绵羊被证明是最合适的放牧动物，相比牛更容易管理，破坏太阳能设备的可能性也更小。1

该技术的发展潜力值得关注。若欧洲在1%的可用农业用地上实施农业光伏，其太阳能产能可超过2030年的目标。1农业光伏的概念源于1981年两位德国科学家发表的《土豆在收集器下》，首个试点项目于2004年在日本开始。1

Agrivoltaics—the practice of growing crops or raising livestock beneath solar infrastructure—represents an emerging strategy to maximize land use while generating renewable energy 1. Approximately one in ten solar farms in the United States have adopted this dual-use approach 1. The technique offers multiple benefits: it provides shade and protection for plants and animals, which can improve yields, while simultaneously cooling solar panels to enhance their efficiency 1.

Despite these advantages, global adoption remains minimal, with agrivoltaic installations producing just 18.4 gigawatts of electricity as of mid-2025, accounting for less than 1% of worldwide solar capacity 1. The concept itself has deeper roots than many realize; two German scientists published "Potatoes Under Collectors" in 1981, and the first pilot project launched in Japan in 2004 1. Barriers to wider implementation include geographical constraints, high economic costs, and farmers' difficulty accessing information about the technology 1.

Regional climate significantly influences outcomes. In the humid Midwest, panel shade reduces corn and soybean yields, while in the arid West, production remains stable or increases 1. Sheep have emerged as the most suitable grazing animals for solar farms, being easier to manage than cattle and posing less risk of equipment damage 1. Public support appears strong: over 80% of Americans favor solar development projects that allow joint energy and agricultural production 1. If Europe implemented agrivoltaics on just 1% of available agricultural land, it could exceed its 2030 solar energy targets 1.